COURSE OVERVIEW:

Distance protection is the cornerstone of transmission line security, providing reliable fault detection by measuring the impedance between the relay location and the fault point. This course provides an advanced examination of the R-X diagram and the physics of impedance measurement, focusing on how distance relays provide high-speed protection across multiple zones. Participants will explore the transition from electromechanical mho units to modern numerical relays that utilize sophisticated quadrilateral characteristics to enhance resistive reach.

The scope of this training addresses the technical complexities of distance protection, including the impact of fault resistance, load encroachment, and power swings on relay stability. It covers the communication-aided schemes—such as POTT and PUTT—that are essential for providing instantaneous tripping across the entire length of the line. The curriculum provides a detailed framework for calculating zone settings and resistive boundaries, ensuring that the protection remains selective while maintaining the necessary sensitivity for all fault types.

Coverage includes rigorous field testing and commissioning procedures designed to verify the reach and timing of the distance zones. Attendees will learn to perform secondary injection testing using modern automated tools that simulate complex fault conditions and power swings. By combining deep theoretical analysis with practical testing strategies, the course ensures that protection professionals can design and maintain distance schemes that provide robust security for the high-voltage transmission grid.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

After completion of this course, the participants will be able to:

• Explain the fundamental principles of impedance-based distance protection.
• Map and interpret relay characteristics on the R-X complex plane.
• Differentiate between mho, quadrilateral, and offset characteristics.
• Calculate zone reach settings for primary and backup protection.
• Implement resistive reach settings to account for fault arcing.
• Analyze the impact of load encroachment and power swings on relay stability.
• Implement communication-aided tripping schemes for 100% line coverage.
• Execute professional secondary injection testing of distance zones.
• Verify the directional sensitivity and polarized behavior of the relay.
• Coordinate distance protection with neighboring line and busbar schemes.
• Troubleshoot causes of over-reach and under-reach in distance relays.
• Interpret relay event records and oscillography for fault diagnostics.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

This course is intended for Protection Engineers, Substation Technicians, and Commissioning Leads responsible for the protection of high-voltage transmission and distribution lines.

TRAINING COURSE METHODOLOGY:

A highly interactive combination of lectures, discussion sessions, and case studies will be employed to maximize the transfer of information, knowledge, and experience. The course will be intensive, practical, and highly interactive. The sessions will start by raising the most relevant questions and motivating everybody to find the right answers. The attendants will also be encouraged to raise more of their questions and to share in developing the right answers using their analysis and experience. There will also be some indoor experiential activities to enhance the learning experience. Course material will be provided in PowerPoint, with necessary animations, learning videos, and general discussions.

The course participants shall be evaluated before, during, and at the end of the course.

COURSE CERTIFICATE:

National Consultant Centre for Training LLC (NCC) will issue an Attendance Certificate to all participants completing a minimum of 80% of the total attendance time requirement.